ResponsibleShirt

Williams, Marion

2005-11-18T06:15:00.000-08:00

U.S. gospel singer (b. Aug. 29, 1927, Miami, Fla.--d. July 2, 1994, Philadelphia, Pa.), drew on blues, jazz, folk, and calypso music as inspirations for her innovative vocals, which included octave-spanning leaps from contralto to spine-tingling falsetto tones; her exceptional artistry was often compared to that of Mahalia Jackson. As a child Williams began singing with the congregation at her

Profile Records

2005-10-16T02:30:00.000-07:00

Hip-hop was scorned by the established music industry as a novelty idiom until 1986, when Run-D.M.C. enrolled Aerosmith's vocalist, Steven Tyler, and guitarist, Joe Perry, to take part in a revival of the hard rockers' hit “Walk This Way” from 10 years earlier. Released on the Profile label, the resultant record was accepted by many radio formats and became the first rap hit to make the

Water Rat

2005-07-28T23:55:00.000-07:00

Any of 18 species of amphibious carnivorous rodents. They exhibit many adaptations associated with hunting in water for food and burrowing along streams, rivers, and lakes. The eyes are small, the nostrils can be closed to keep water out, and the external portion of the ears is either small and furry or absent. Highly sensitive whiskers are abundant on the fleshy blunt

Denakil Plain

2005-07-27T05:45:00.000-07:00

Also spelled Danakil, also called Dankali, arid lowland of northern Ethiopia and southeastern Eritrea, bordering Djibouti. It lies at the northern extreme of the Great Rift Valley and the Awash River. Live volcanoes (often called the Denakil Alps) separate it from the Red Sea. Any water that comes into the plain evaporates there; no streams flow out from it. The Kobar Sink, a huge basin in the northern part of the

Wild Mango

2005-07-24T18:35:00.000-07:00

Also called Dika (Irvingia gabonensis), tropical African tree, of the family Ixonanthaceae (Irvingiaceae), notable for its edible yellow fruit, which somewhat resembles the mango. The seed is rich in a fat used locally to make both bread and a type of butter. The wood is very hard and is used locally in building construction.

Larionov, Mikhail Fyodorovich

2005-07-07T21:15:00.000-07:00

Larionov's early work was influenced by Impressionism and Symbolism, but with the painting “Glass” (1909) he introduced

Igor's Campaign, The Song Of

2005-07-06T01:25:00.000-07:00

Also translated Lay of Igor's Campaign , Russian Slovo o polku Igoreve masterpiece of Old Russian literature, an account of the unsuccessful campaign in 1185 of Prince Igor of Novgorod-Seversky against the Polovtsy (Kipchak, or Cumans). As in the great French epic The Song of Roland, Igor's heroic pride draws him into a combat in which the odds are too great for him. Though defeated, Igor escapes his captors and returns to his people. The tale was

Isodrin

2005-06-29T01:50:00.000-07:00

Chlorine-containing organic compound used as an insecticide; see aldrin.

Smibert, John

2005-06-15T19:00:00.000-07:00

Smibert was apprenticed to a house painter in Edinburgh and in 1709 went to London. In 1713 he studied at London's Great Queen Street's Academy, which was run by Sir Godfrey Kneller, whose late-Baroque style would

Alabama, Plant and animal life

2005-06-03T03:45:00.000-07:00

The warm climate of Alabama has nurtured a rich plant cover, including more than 125 tree varieties. Most of the thick forests are in the north and northeast. Pine trees predominate, and live oaks are also found statewide, lending grace to the streets of the older towns and cities. Sweet gum and black walnut are also common, while the colourful red cedar is most abundant in

Amorphous Solid, Other preparation techniques

2005-05-31T22:15:00.000-07:00

Numerous other methods exist for preparing amorphous solids, and new methods are continually invented. In melt spinning, a jet of molten metal is propelled against the moving surface of a cold, rotating copper cylinder. A solid film of metallic glass is spun off as a continuous ribbon at a speed that can exceed a kilometre per minute. In laser glazing, a brief intense

Insurance, United States

2005-05-17T13:20:00.000-07:00

The first American insurance company was organized by Benjamin Franklin in 1752 as the Philadelphia Contributionship. The first life insurance company in the American colonies was the Presbyterian Ministers' Fund, organized in 1759. By 1820 there were 17 stock life insurance companies in the state of New York alone. Many of the early property insurance companies failed from

Japan Series

2005-05-15T19:05:00.000-07:00

Japanese Nihon Shirizu or Nippon Shirizu in baseball, a seven-game playoff between champions of the two professional Japanese baseball leagues, the Central League and the Pacific League. Baseball in Japan was established on a professional basis in 1934, and by 1936 seven professional teams had been organized. A system of two leagues composed of six teams each was instituted in 1950. Each 135-game season culminates in the

Hadejia

2005-05-13T16:15:00.000-07:00

Town and traditional emirate, eastern Jigawa state, northern Nigeria. It lies on the northern bank of the Hadejia River (a seasonal tributary of the Komadugu Yobe, which flows into Lake Chad). The emirate's savanna area originally included Hadejia and six other small Hausa kingdoms that paid tribute to the kingdom of Bornu. About 1805, Umaru, a Fulani leader who held the title

Arneth, Alfred, Ritter Von (knight Of)

2005-03-15T04:46:00.000-08:00

In 1841 Arneth was appointed by the Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich to a post at the state archives, of which he became keeper in 1868. In 1879 he became president of the Imperial Academy of the Sciences, and in

Armlet

2005-03-14T08:12:00.000-08:00

Several fine examples of armlets are included in the Oxus treasure, a collection of Persian

Alkanet

2005-03-11T11:10:00.003-08:00

Any plant of the 50 or so mostly Mediterranean species of the genus Anchusa and the closely related Pentaglottis sempervirens, bearing blue, purple, or white forget-me-not - like flower clusters on hairy, herbaceous stems. They belong to the family Boraginaceae. True alkanet (A. officinalis) bears purple flowers in coiled sprays, on narrow-leaved

Alkanet

2005-03-11T11:10:00.002-08:00

Alkanet

2005-03-11T11:10:00.001-08:00

Alkanet

2005-03-11T11:10:00.000-08:00

Anthropoidea

2005-03-07T16:56:00.000-08:00

Suborder of primates including the families Callitrichidae (marmoset, q.v.), Cebidae (New World monkeys), Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys), Hylobatidae (gibbon and siamang, qq.v.), Pongidae (gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan, qq.v.), Hominidae (humans and fossil relatives), and the fossil group Parapithecidae.

Locust

2005-03-06T02:34:00.000-08:00

In botany, any tree of the genus Robinia within the pea family (Fabaceae). About 20 species are known, all occurring in eastern North America and Mexico. The best known is the black locust (R. pseudoacacia), often called false acacia, or yellow locust. It is widely cultivated in Europe as an ornamental. It grows to 24 m (80 feet) high and bears long, compound leaves with 6 to 20 oblong leaflets.

Nordhorn

2005-03-05T04:32:00.000-08:00

Town, Lower Saxony Land (state), northwestern Germany, on the Vechte River at the junction of the Almelo-Nordhorn, Ems-Vechte, and S�d-Nord canals, 4 miles (6 km) from the Dutch border. First mentioned about 1000 and chartered in 1379, the city suffered heavily from plague, fire, and war in the 15th and 16th centuries. Part of the Augustinian Frenswegen Abbey (founded 1394) and the 15th-century Protestant

Ahmad Ibn Hanbal

2005-03-04T11:10:00.000-08:00

Muslim theologian, jurist, and martyr for his faith. He was the compiler of the Traditions of the Prophet Muhammad (Musnad) and formulator of the Hanbali, the most strictly traditionalist of the four orthodox Islamic schools of law. His doctrine influenced such noted followers as the 13th - 14th-century theologian Ibn Taymiyah, the Wahhabiyah, an 18th-century reform

Earth, Composition of the mantle

2005-03-03T14:45:00.000-08:00

The composition of the upper mantle is less easily determined than that of the crust. Samples of mantle rock come mainly from two sources: ophiolites and xenoliths. The latter, in particular, include rocks that have been brought from great depth by explosive eruptions. Most notably, the occurrence of diamonds with some xenoliths requires a source beyond 150 kilometres

Dr

2005-03-02T23:13:00.000-08:00

also spelled �Oued Dra, � intermittent stream (wadi) of southern Morocco. Rising from two headstreams, Dad�s and Imini, in the Haut (High) Atlas mountains of central Morocco, it flows southeastward to Tagounit, hence it courses southwestward, forming much of the Algerian - Moroccan frontier, to the Atlantic near Cap Dr�a. Of its total length of 700 mi (1,100 km), the longest of any Moroccan river, all but the headstreams

Ar�valo Mart�nez, Rafael

2005-03-02T08:53:00.000-08:00

Ar�valo Mart�nez was director of the Guatemalan National Library from 1926 until 1946, when

Vietnam, Flag Of

2005-03-01T14:38:00.000-08:00

Vietnam has long utilized ceremonies and symbols that originated in China, its northern neighbour. In recent centuries the emperors of Vietnam had banners of yellow when that was the imperial colour of the Ch'ing (Manchu) dynasty in China. Red, a symbol of �the south,� was also often featured in Vietnamese flags. Vietnam was under French colonial government from the 19th

Drabble, Margaret, Folk and tribal myths

2005-03-01T05:10:00.000-08:00

The daughter of a judge and sister of novelist A.S. Byatt, Margaret Drabble began writing after leaving Cambridge University. The central characters of her

Dracaena, Folk and tribal myths

2005-02-28T20:05:00.000-08:00

genus of ornamental foliage plants in the family Agavaceae, consisting of about 50 to 80 species native primarily to the Old World tropics. Most species have short stalks and narrow, sword-shaped leaves, but some have taller stalks and resemble trees with crowns of leaves. The small flowers are red, yellow, or green. The berrylike fruit contains one to three

Albuquerque, Afonso De, The Great

2005-02-28T16:44:00.000-08:00

Albuquerque was the second son of the senhor

Drachma, Folk and tribal myths

2005-02-27T17:49:00.000-08:00

silver coin of ancient Greece and the former monetary unit of modern Greece. Its name derives from the Greek verb �to grasp,� and its original value was equivalent to that of a handful of arrows. The early drachma had different weights in different regions. From the 5th century BC, Athens gained commercial preeminence, and the Athenian drachma became the foremost currency.

Silhouette Island

2005-02-27T07:45:00.000-08:00

Granitic island, third largest of the Seychelles archipelago, Republic of Seychelles, in the western Indian Ocean. It has an area of 7.6 sq mi (20 sq km), rises to 2,467 ft (751 m), and is 12 mi (19 km) northwest of Mah� Island. Virgin forests still grow in the more inaccessible parts of its mountainous terrain. The island is protected as a national park. Copra and fish are the main products. Pop. (1982 est.) 255.

Bone Conduction

2005-02-26T16:36:00.000-08:00

The conduction of sound through the bones of the skull. Two types of bone conduction are recognized. In compressional bone conduction, high-pitched sounds cause the segments of the skull to vibrate individually. The vibrations, by compressing the bony case of the inner ear, stimulate the sensory cells that are involved in perceiving sound waves in the air. In inertial

Drachmann, Holger Henrik Herholdt, Folk and tribal myths

2005-02-26T01:56:00.000-08:00

The son of a physician, Drachmann studied painting and also began to write. A visit to London in 1871 awakened an interest in social problems, and after his return he joined the new radical movement of which Georg Brandes was the central

Apport

2005-02-25T07:20:00.000-08:00

In occultism, a material object that arrives suddenly and mysteriously through the powers of a medium. Often the arrival of an apport may require its passage through other material objects. Apports usually occur during a s�ance (q.v.) and may involve living or inanimate objects. The apporting of human beings is sometimes called transportation. Spiritualists explain

Drachten, Folk and tribal myths

2005-02-25T02:41:00.000-08:00

chief town of Smallingerland gemeente (commune), Friesland provincie, northwestern Netherlands. It lies along the Wijde Ee waterway, which is part of the canal system that flows into the larger Prinses Margriet Canal to the northwest. The surrounding area consists of lowlands; there are forests at nearby Beetsterwaag, and peat moors are found southwest of

Draco, Folk and tribal myths

2005-02-24T03:54:00.000-08:00

The six junior archons (thesmotetai), or magistrates, are said by Aristotle to have been instituted in Athens after 683 BC to record the laws. If this is correct, Draco's code,

Draco, Folk and tribal myths

2005-02-23T11:57:00.000-08:00

Draco species are usually green with dull-coloured cross bars,

Midfa'i, Jamil Al-

2005-02-23T03:37:00.000-08:00

Midfa'i attended the engineering college in Istanbul and became an artillery officer in the Turkish Army, from which he deserted in 1916 to join the Arab forces that had risen in revolt in Arabia under the direction of Sharif Husayn. Later, from a base in Syria, Midfa'i launched raids into Iraq, where there was considerable

Dracontius, Blossius Aemilius, Folk and tribal myths

2005-02-22T22:59:00.000-08:00

At Carthage Dracontius received the traditional rhetorical education and practiced as a lawyer. Though his family was initially favoured by the Vandals, he eventually suffered imprisonment

Rickets

2005-02-22T01:31:00.000-08:00

Vitamin D is a steroid hormone that is produced in the skin by the action of sunlight's ultraviolet rays on its precursor, 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3). Vitamin D is also absorbed from the diet, especially from irradiated milk, liver, and fish oils.

Draft Animal, Folk and tribal myths

2005-02-21T15:29:00.000-08:00

any domesticated animal used in drawing heavy loads. Draft animals were in common use in Mesopotamia before 3000 BC for farm work and for pulling wheeled vehicles. Their use spread to the rest of the world over the following 2,500 years. While cattle, usually in teams, have been used most often as draft animals, horses and donkeys have supplanted them in many areas. Some horses - such

Mola

2005-02-21T07:02:00.000-08:00

The mola (Mola mola; see photograph) is an enormous, gray or brownish

Draft Riot Of 1863, Folk and tribal myths

2005-02-20T17:16:00.000-08:00

major four-day eruption of violence in New York City resulting from deep worker discontent with the inequities of conscription during the U.S. Civil War. Although labouring people in general supported the Northern war effort, they had no voice in Republican policy and occasionally deserted from the army or refused reenlistment. Because of their low wages, often

Ammonius Hermiae

2005-02-20T03:46:00.000-08:00

Greek philosopher whose thinking was primarily oriented toward logic and the sciences. He spent a good part of his intellectual life in writing critical works on Aristotle. As a student, he worked closely with Proclus and, later in life, was appointed the head of the Alexandrian school. His major commentaries, on the Categoriae and Analytica priora of Aristotle's

Libya, Drainage

2005-02-19T19:30:00.000-08:00

There are no perennial rivers in Libya. The numerous wadis that drain the uplands are filled by flash floods during the rains and quickly dry up or are reduced to a trickle. The largest wadi systems are the Wadi Zamzam and Wadi Bayy al-Kabir, both of which reach the western coast of the Gulf of Sidra. Other large wadis drain the interior basins of Surt, Zaltan, and the Fezzan.

Drag Racing, Folk and tribal myths

2005-02-19T06:08:00.000-08:00

Contestants line

Insurance, Workers' compensation insurance

2005-02-18T20:55:00.000-08:00

The scope of employment injury laws, originally limited to persons in forms of

Dragasani, Battle Of, Folk and tribal myths

2005-02-18T00:10:00.000-08:00

(June 19, 1821), military engagement in which the Ottoman Turks defeated the forces of the Greek revolutionary society Philik� Etaire�a and ended the first insurrection of the Greek War of Independence. Intending to overthrow Ottoman rule in the Balkans and to establish an independent Greek state, Philik� Etaire�a sent the Sacred Battalion, under Alexander Ypsilantis,

Drago, Luis Mar

2005-02-17T23:58:00.000-08:00

A member of a distinguished Argentine family, Drago began his career as a newspaper editor. He later served as Argentine financial officer and then as minister of foreign affairs

Thenardite

2005-02-17T03:38:00.000-08:00

Any of a type of sodium sulfate mineral (Na2SO4) that has been deposited as an evaporation product near salt lakes and playas, as in the arid regions of northern Africa, Siberia, Canada, and the western United States. It is widespread as an efflorescence on arid soil and as a crust in volcanic fumarole deposits. For detailed physical properties, see sulfate mineral (table).

Dragoman, Folk and tribal myths

2005-02-16T07:43:00.000-08:00

Arabic �Tarjuman, �Turkish �Terc�man, � official interpreter in countries where Arabic, Turkish, and Persian are spoken. Originally the term applied to any intermediary between Europeans and Middle Easterners, whether as a hotel tout or as a traveller's guide, but there developed the official dragomans of foreign ministries and embassies, whose functions at one time included the conduct of important

Davis, Henry Winter

2005-02-16T05:47:00.000-08:00

Intent

Dragon, Folk and tribal myths

2005-02-15T20:31:00.000-08:00

legendary monster usually conceived as a huge, bat-winged, fire-breathing, scaly lizard or snake with a barbed tail. The belief in these creatures apparently arose without the slightest knowledge on the part of the ancients of the gigantic, prehistoric, dragon-like reptiles. In Greece the word drakon, from which the English word was derived, was used originally for any

Tea Ceremony

2005-02-15T16:03:00.000-08:00

The ceremony takes place in a tea house (cha-shitsu), which ideally is a small structure detached from the

Dragon Rug, Folk and tribal myths

2005-02-14T06:46:00.000-08:00

Early examples are narrow for their length, with a single-stripe

Eilhart Von Oberg

2005-02-13T20:33:00.000-08:00

German poet important in the history of the court epic and the development of the Tristan and Isolde story in Romance literature. Eilhart was a member of a Brunswick family mentioned in the records of Henry III of Saxony. His epic, Tristrant und Isalde, a laboured version of an Old French source now lost, dates from the last quarter of the 12th century. Uncertainty

Dragonet, Folk and tribal myths

2005-02-13T13:02:00.000-08:00

any of about 40 species of marine fishes constituting the family Callionymidae (order Perciformes), found in warm temperate or tropical areas, particularly in the Indo-Pacific region. Dragonets characteristically have large and elongated fins, large, flattened heads, and small gills that are mere rounded openings. Dragonets are scaleless. The males may be brightly

Abbeville

2005-02-12T22:00:00.000-08:00

Dragonfly, Folk and tribal myths

2005-02-11T13:45:00.000-08:00

(suborder Anisoptera) �also called �darner, �devil's arrow,� or �devil's darning needle,� any of a group of aerial, predatory insects most commonly found near freshwater habitats throughout most of the world. Damselflies are sometimes also called dragonflies in that both are odonates - members of the order Odonata. The 2,500 dragonfly species (Anisoptera) are characterized by long bodies with two narrow pairs of intricately veined, membranous

Shu Ching

2005-02-11T11:25:00.000-08:00

The Shu Ching consists of 58 chapters. Of these, 33 (originally

Paulo Afonso

2005-02-10T21:44:00.000-08:00

City, northeastern Bahia estado (�state�), northeastern Brazil, on the S�o Francisco River, at the site of the Paulo Afonso Falls. Made the seat of a municipality in 1958, Paulo Afonso is the transportation and commercial centre for its agricultural hinterland. It is accessible by highway from Salvador, the state capital, about 310 miles (500 km) south, and from neighbouring communities

'abd Al-malik

2005-02-09T23:40:00.000-08:00

In full �'abd Al-malik Ibn Marwan� fifth caliph (685 - 705) of the Umayyad Arab dynasty centred in Damascus. He reorganized and strengthened governmental administration and, throughout the empire, adopted Arabic as the language of administration.

Drang Nach Osten, Folk and tribal myths

2005-02-09T10:06:00.000-08:00

The medieval Drang nach Osten was part

Great Appalachian Valley

2005-02-08T09:28:00.000-08:00

Also called �Great Valley Region, � longitudinal chain of valley lowlands of the Appalachian mountain system of North America. Extending from Canada on the northeast to Alabama, U.S., on the southwest, it includes the St. Lawrence River valley in Canada and the Kittatinny, Cumberland, Shenandoah, and Tennessee river valleys in the United States. In its southerly region the Great Appalachian Valley divides

Dream Allegory, Folk and tribal myths

2005-02-08T00:30:00.000-08:00

also called �Dream Vision, � allegorical tale presented in the narrative framework of a dream. Especially popular in the Middle Ages, the device made more acceptable the fantastic and sometimes bizarre world of personifications and symbolic objects characteristic of medieval allegory. Well-known examples of the dream allegory include the first part of Roman de la rose (13th century); Chaucer's

Dressing Table, Folk and tribal myths

2005-02-07T02:00:00.000-08:00

also called �Toilet Table, � a table used for the toilet. The term originally was applied in the 17th century to small tables with two or three drawers. It soon became common practice to conceal the fittings of the dressing table when they were not in use, and great ingenuity was exercised by 18th-century cabinetmakers to combine the most convenient fittings with a handsome piece of furniture. In the

Fr�chette, Louis-honor�

2005-02-07T00:16:00.000-08:00

Fr�chette studied law at Laval University, Quebec, and was admitted to the bar in 1864. Discharged as a journalist for liberal views, he went to Chicago (1866 - 71). There, he wrote La Voix d'un exil� (1866 - 68; �The Voice of an Exile�), a poem attacking the political and clerical dealings in Quebec

Plant, Principal pathways and cycles

2005-02-06T11:15:00.000-08:00

The 6-carbon sugar glucose, a product of photosynthesis, may be translocated in the form of sucrose (a 12-carbon sugar) to nourish nonphotosynthesizing parts of the plant, or it may be polymerized into starch for storage. (Trehalose, another 12-carbon sugar, replaces sucrose in some nonvascular plants.) When required, sucrose and starch are hydrolyzed to glucose and then enter

Dressler, Marie, Folk and tribal myths

2005-02-06T04:49:00.000-08:00

The daughter of a piano teacher, Dressler early discovered her ability to make audiences laugh. She made her stage debut in Michigan in 1886 and then performed for three years with the George Baker

Drexel, Katharine, Saint, Folk and tribal myths

2005-02-05T03:05:00.000-08:00

Drexel was the daughter of the American financier and

Narai

2005-02-05T00:25:00.000-08:00

Narai was a son of King Prasat Thong by a queen who was a daughter of King Song Tham, and he came to the throne after violent palace upheavals had cut short the reigns of his elder brother and his uncle.

Drilling Machinery, Folk and tribal myths

2005-02-04T23:23:00.000-08:00

Most modern drilling machines are either percussive (chipping rock or ground intermittently

Braddock, James J.

2005-02-04T06:42:00.000-08:00

Braddock's professional name was changed by his manager to James J. early in his career, patterning the name

Driver Ant, Folk and tribal myths

2005-02-03T20:56:00.000-08:00

Using their powerful cutting jaws, driver ants attack everything in their path, including snakes, birds, mammals,

Irish Elk

2005-02-03T13:46:00.000-08:00

Genus (Megaloceros) of extinct giant elk commonly found as fossils in Pleistocene deposits in Europe and Asia (the Pleistocene Epoch began 1,600,000 years ago and ended about 10,000 years ago). The Irish elk, about the size of the modern moose, had the largest antlers of any form of deer known - in some specimens, 4 m (about 13 feet) across. The antlers differed from those of the modern elk; the main

Drop Cut, Folk and tribal myths

2005-02-02T17:21:00.000-08:00

method of faceting gemstones into a pear shape suitable for pendants, earrings, and other jewelry. A pendeloque is a pear-shaped modification of the round brilliant cut used for diamonds. A briolette is an elongated, pear-shaped stone covered with bands of triangular or rectangular facets, usually with a pointed end and without a girdle.

Uterine Cancer

2005-02-02T01:21:00.000-08:00

A disease characterized by the abnormal growth of cells in the uterus. Cancers affecting the lining of the uterus (endometrium) are the most common cancers of the female reproductive tract. Other uterine cancers, called uterine sarcomas, develop from underlying muscle or connective tissue; they are much rarer. This article focuses on the development, diagnosis,

Dysplasia

2005-02-01T23:42:00.000-08:00

Chondroectodermal dysplasia (Ellis-van Creveld syndrome) is a very rare, congenital disorder. It is heritable (autosomal recessive). Affected individuals exhibit heart

Drottningholm Theatre, Folk and tribal myths

2005-02-01T17:22:00.000-08:00

Swedish, �Drottningholmsteater� 18th-century court theatre of the Royal Palace of Drottningholm, near Stockholm, Swed. It is preserved with its original sets and stage machinery as a theatrical museum. Built in the 1760s by the architect Carl Fredrik Adelcrantz, it was the home of several French and Swedish acting companies and prospered especially during the enlightened reign of the playwright-king

Spanish Civil War

2005-01-31T17:45:00.000-08:00

(1936 - 39), military revolt against the Republican government of Spain, supported by conservative elements within the country. When an initial military coup failed to win control of the entire country, a bloody civil war ensued, fought with great ferocity on both sides. The Nationalists, as the rebels were called, received aid from fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. The Republicans

Drummond (of Hawthornden), William, Folk and tribal myths

2005-01-31T01:29:00.000-08:00

Drummond studied at Edinburgh and spent a few years in France, ostensibly studying law at Bourges and Paris. On the death of his father, first laird

Peter Of Alc�ntara, Saint

2005-01-30T21:34:00.000-08:00

Of noble birth, he entered the Franciscan Order at Alc�ntara in 1515 and was ordained priest in 1524. As a friar, Peter emphasized the penitential aspects

Drummond, William Henry, Folk and tribal myths

2005-01-30T00:41:00.000-08:00

Drummond immigrated to Canada about 1864, left school at the age of 15 to help support his family, but at 30 took a degree in medicine at Bishop's College in Quebec. After

D.s.o., Folk and tribal myths

2005-01-29T23:24:00.000-08:00

recipient of the Distinguished Service Order, a British military decoration. See Distinguished Service Order.

Rawsthorne, Alan

2005-01-29T15:50:00.000-08:00

Rawsthorne studied at the Royal Manchester College of Music (1926 - 30) and in Berlin (1930 - 31) with Egon Petri. His early music with its pervasive linear counterpoint shows the influence

Marcello, Benedetto

2005-01-28T11:55:00.000-08:00

Italian composer and writer, especially remembered for two works: the satirical pamphlet Il teatro alla moda (1720); and Estro poeticoarmonico (1724 - 26), a setting for voices and instruments of the first 50 psalms in an Italian paraphrase by G. Giustiniani. Il teatro alla moda is an amusing pamphlet in which Marcello vented his opinions on the

Du Toit, Stephanus Jacobus, Folk and tribal myths

2005-01-27T21:49:00.000-08:00

South African pastor and political leader who, as the founder of the Afrikaner Bond (a bitterly anti-British political party of Dutch South Africans), was influential in generating Boer (Dutch) political opposition to British rule in South Africa. He was also instrumental in the establishment of Afrikaans

M�dler, Johann Heinrich Von

2005-01-27T09:07:00.000-08:00

German astronomer who (with Wilhelm Beer) published the most complete map of the Moon of the time, Mappa Selenographica, 4 vol. (1834 - 36). It was the first lunar map to be divided into quadrants, and it remained unsurpassed in its detail until J.F. Julius Schmidt's map of 1878. The Mappa Selenographica was accompanied in 1837 by a volume providing

Dual Alliance, Folk and tribal myths

2005-01-26T10:54:00.000-08:00

also called �Franco-russian Alliance, � a political and military pact that developed between France and Russia from friendly contacts in 1891 to a secret treaty in 1894; it became one of the basic European alignments of the pre-World War I era. Germany, assuming that ideological differences and lack of common interest would keep republican France and tsarist Russia apart, allowed its Reinsurance Treaty (q.v.) with

Ecotone

2005-01-26T06:48:00.000-08:00

A transition area of vegetation between two different plant communities, such as forest and grassland. It has some of the characteristics of each bordering community and often contains species not found in the overlapping communities. An ecotone may exist along a broad belt or in a small pocket, such as a forest clearing, where two local communities blend together.

Dual Organization, Folk and tribal myths

2005-01-25T21:47:00.000-08:00

a social structure characterized by the division of society into two complementary parts called moieties. According to a strict definition, moieties are groups that are exogamous (i.e., marriage between members of the same moiety is forbidden), of unilineal descent, and in some sense opposed. Sometimes the term moiety is used more loosely to refer simply to one of two

Distribution

2005-01-25T14:58:00.000-08:00

Also called �Distribution Of Terms, � in syllogistics, the application of a term of a proposition to the entire class that the term denotes. A term is said to be distributed in a given proposition if that proposition implies all other propositions that differ from it only in having, in place of the original term, any other term whose extension is a part of that of the original term - i.e., if, and only if, the term

Felix Iv (or Iii), Saint

2005-01-24T11:58:00.000-08:00

Pope from 526 to 530. He was elected on July 12 as the choice of Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths, who had imprisoned Felix' predecessor, St. John I, and who died shortly after Felix' consecration. The new pope ended the controversy over grace at the second Council of Orange (529) by condemning Semi-Pelagianism (see Orange, councils of; Semi-Pelagianism

Duala, Folk and tribal myths

2005-01-24T02:59:00.000-08:00

also spelled �Douala, � Bantu-speaking people of the forest region of southern Cameroon living on the estuary of the Wouri River. By 1800 the Duala controlled Cameroon's trade with Europeans, and their concentrated settlement pattern developed under this influence. Their system of chieftaincy was partly founded on trading wealth. For much of the 19th century there were two political - commercial

Cartan, Henri (-paul)

2005-01-23T11:51:00.000-08:00

Son of the distinguished mathematician �lie Cartan, Henri Cartan began his academic career as professor of mathematics at the Lyc�e Caen (1928 - 29). He was appointed deputy professor at the University of Lille in 1929 and two years later became professor of mathematics at

Dualism, Folk and tribal myths

2005-01-23T03:56:00.000-08:00

in philosophy, the use of two irreducible, heterogeneous principles (sometimes in conflict, sometimes complementary) to analyze the knowing process (epistemological dualism) or to explain all of reality or some broad aspect of it (metaphysical dualism). Examples of epistemological dualism are being and thought, subject and object, and sense datum and thing; examples

Duality, Folk and tribal myths

2005-01-22T08:47:00.000-08:00

in mathematics, principle whereby one true statement can be obtained from another by merely interchanging two words. It is a property belonging to the branch of algebra known as lattice theory, which is involved with the concepts of order and structure common to different mathematical systems. A mathematical structure is called a lattice if it can be ordered in

Duane

2005-01-21T21:46:00.000-08:00

in atomic physics, the relationship between the voltage (V ) applied to an X-ray tube and the maximum frequency n of the X rays emitted from the target. It is named after the American physicists William Duane and Franklin Hunt. The relationship is expressed as n = Ve/h, in which e is the charge of the electron and h is Planck's constant. This law is sometimes called the inverse photoelectric